Section 8.01.07:. Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads
General. The construction of stairs, exits, and occupant loads shall conform to requirements for occupants of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers, and grandstands.
Determination of Occupant Loads. The occupant load permitted in any building or portion thereof shall be determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the square meters or square feet per occupant according generally accepted principles of engineering. The capacity of a building containing mixed occupancies shall be determined by adding the number of occupants of the various parts of the building classified as to Occupancy and Type of Construction.
Exit Requirements. Exit requirements of a building or portion thereof used for different purposes shall be determined by the occupant load which gives the largest number of persons. No obstruction shall be placed the required width of an exit except projections permitted by this code.
Posting of Room Capacity. Any room having an occupant load of more than 50 where fixed seats are not installed, and which is used for classroom, assembly, or similar purpose, shall have the capacity of the room posted in a conspicuous place near the main exit from the room. Approved signs shall be maintained in a legible manner by the owner or his authorized agent, and shall indicate the number of occupants permitted for each room use.
Changes in Elevation. Except in Group A Occupancies, changes in elevation of not less than 30 centimeters (12 inches) along any exit serving a tributary occupant load of 10 or more shall be by means of ramps.
Exits Required
Number of Exits. Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at least one exit. In all occupancies, floors above the first story having an occupant load of more than 10 shall have not less than two exits. Each mezzanine used for other than storage purposes, if greater in area than 185 square meters (2000 square feet), or if more than 18.00 meters (60 feet) in any dimension shall have not less than two stairways to an adjacent floor. Every story or portion thereof, having an occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have not less than three exits. Every story or portions thereof, having an occupant load of 1000 or more shall have not less than four exits. The number of exits required from any story of a building shall be determined by using the occupant loads of floors which exit through the level under consideration as follows: 50 per cent of the occupant load in the first adjacent story above (and the first adjacent story below, when a story below exits through the level under consideration) and 25 per cent of the occupant load in the story immediately beyond the first adjacent story. The maximum number of exits required for any story shall be maintained until egress is provided from the structure. For purposes of this Section, basements or cellars and occupied roofs shall be provided with exits as required for storeys. Floors above the second story, basements, and cellars used for other than service of the building shall have not less than two exits.
Width. The Total width of exists in meters shall be not less than the total occupant load served divided by 165 (in feet, by 50). Such width of exits shall be divided approximately equally among the separate exits. The total exit width required from any story of a building shall be determined by using the occupant load of that story, plus the percentage of the occupant loads of floors which exit through the level under considerations as follows: 50 per cent of the occupant load in the first adjacent story above (and the first adjacent story below when a story below exits through the level under consideration) and 25 per cent of the occupant load in the story immediately beyond the first adjacent story. The maximum exit width required from any story of a building shall be maintained.
Arrangement of Exits. If only two exits are required they shall be placed a distance apart equal to not less than one-fifth of the perimeter of the area served measured in a straight line between exits. Where three or more exits are required they shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if one becomes blocked others will be available.
Distance to Exits. No point in an unsprinkled building shall be more than 45.00 meters (150 feet) from an exterior exit door, a horizontal exit, exit passageway, or an enclosed stairway, measured along the line of travel. In building equipped with a complete automatic fire-extinguishing system the distance from exits may be increased to 60.00 meters (200 feet).
Doors. The provisions herein shall apply to every exit door serving an area having an occupant load more than 10, or serving hazardous rooms or areas.
Swing. Exit doors shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving any hazardous areas or when serving an occupant load of 50 or more. Double acting doors shall not be used as a part of fire assembly, nor equipped with panic hardware. A double acting door shall be provided with a view panel of not less than 1300 square centimeters (200 square inches).
Type of Lock or Latch. Exit door shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort: Except, That this requirement shall not apply to exterior exit doors in a Group E or F Occupancy if there is a conspicuous, readily visible and durable sign on or adjacent to the door, stating that the door is to remain unlocked during business hours. The locking device must be of a type that will be readily distinguishable as locked. Flush bolts or surface bolts are prohibited.
Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit the installation of a door not less than 90 centimeters (3 feet) in width and not less than 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches) in height. When installed in exit doorways, exits doors shall be capable of opening at least 90 degrees and shall be so mounted that the clear width of the exitway is not less than 70 centimeters (2 feet, 4 inches). In computing the required exit width, the net dimension of the exitway shall be used.
Door Leaf Width. No leaf an exit door shall exceed 1.20 meters (4 feet) in width.
Special Doors. Revolving, sliding, and overhead doors shall not be used as required exits.
Egress from Door. Every required exit door shall give immediate access to an approved means of egress from the building.
Change in Floor Level at Doors. Regardless of the occupant load, there shall be a floor or landing on each side of and exit door. The floor or landing shall be level with, or not more than 5 centimeters (2 inches) lower than the threshold of the doorway: Except, That in Groups A and B Occupies, a door may open on the top step of a flight of stairs or an exterior landing providing the door does not swing over the top step or exterior landing and the landing is not more than 19 centimeters (7-1/2 inches) below the floor level.
Door Identification. Glass doors shall conform to the requirements specified in Section 10.05.05. Other exit doors shall be so marked that they are readily distinguishable from the adjacent construction.
Additional Doors. When additional doors are provided for egress purposes, they shall conform to all provisions in the following cases: Approved revolving door having leaves which will collapse under opposing pressures may be used in exit situations: Provided, That such doors have a minimum width of 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches); or they are not used in occupancies where exits are required to be equipped with panic hardware; or at least one conforming exit door is located adjacent to each revolving door installed in a building, and the revolving door shall not be considered to provide any exit width.
Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies. The provisions herein shall apply to every corridor and exterior exit balcony serving as required exit for an occupant load of more than 10
Width. Every corridor or exterior exit balcony shall be not less in which 1.12 meters (3 feet, 8 inches).
Projections. The required width of corridors and exterior exit balconies shall be unobstructed: Except, That trim, handrails, and doors when fully opened shall not reduce the required width by more than 18 centimeters (7 inches). Doors in any position shall not reduce the required width by more than one-half.
Access to Exits. When more than one exit is required, they shall be so arranged to allow going to either direction from any point in the corridor or exterior exit balcony to a separate exit, except for dead ends permitted.
Dead Ends. Corridors and exterior exit balconies with dead ends are permitted when the dead ends does not exceed 6.00 meters (20 feet) in length.
Construction. Walls and ceilings of corridors shall be not less than one hour fire-resistive construction: Except, That this requirement shall not apply to exterior exit balcony railings, corridors of a one-story building housing a Group E or F Occupancy occupied by one tenant only and which serves an occupant load of 30 less, nor to corridors, formed by temporary partitions. Exterior exit balconies cannot project into an area where protected openings are required.
Openings. Where corridor walls are required to be one-hour fire-resistive construction every interior door opening shall be protected as set forth in generally recognized and accepted requirements for dual purpose fire exit doors. Other interior openings, except ventilation louvers equipped with approved automatic fire shutters shall be 6.3 millimeters (1/4 inch) fixed wire glass set in steel frames. The total area of all openings other than doors, in any portion of an interior corridor wall shall not exceed 25 per cent of the area of the corridor wall of the room which it is separating from the corridor.
Stairways. Every stairway serving any building or portion thereof shall conform to the following requirements of this Code except stairs or ladders used only to attend equipment.
Width. Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall be not less in width than 1.12 meters (3 feet, 8 inches). Stairways serving an occupant load of 50 less may be 90 centimeters (3 feet) wide. Private stairways serving an occupant load less than 10 may be 75 centimeters (2 feet, 6 inches) wide. Trim and handrails shall not reduce the required width may more than 9 centimeters (3-1/2 inches).
Rise and Run. The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed 19 centimeters (7-1/2 inches) and the run shall not be less than 25 centimeters (10 inches). Except as provided under paragraph (d) the maximum variations in the height of risers and the width of treads in any one flight shall be 5 millimeters (3-1/2 inch): Except, That in private stairways serving an occupant load of less than 10, the rise may be 20 centimeters (8 inches) and run may be 23 centimeters (9 inches).
Winding Stairway. In Group A Occupancies and in private stairways in Group B Occupancies, winders may be used if the required width of run is provided at a point not more than 30 centimeters (12 inches) from the side of the stairway where the treads are the narrower, but in no case shall any width of run be less than 15 centimeters (6 inches) at any point.
Circular Stairways. Circular stairs may be used as an exit provided the minimum width of run is not less than 25 centimeters (10 inches). All treads in any one flight between landing shall have identical dimensions within a 5-millimeters (3/16-inch) tolerance.
Landings. Every landing shall have a dimension measured in the direction of travel equal to the width of the stairway. Such dimension need not exceed 1.20 meters (4 feet) when the stair has a straight run. Landings, when provided shall not be reduced in width by more than 9.3 centimeters (3-1/2 inches) by a door when fully open.
Basement Stairways. Where a basement stairway and stairway to an upper story terminate in the same exit enclosure, an approved barrier shall be provided to prevent persons from continuing on into the basement. Directional exit signs shall be provided as specified in this Code.
Distance Between Landings. There shall be not more than 3.65 meters (12 feet) vertically between landings.
Handrails. Stairways shall have handrails on each side, and every stairway required to be more than 3.00 meters (9 feet) in width shall be provided with not less than one intermediate handrail for each 3.00 meters (9 feet of required width. Intermediate handrails shall be spaced approximately equal within the entire width of the stairway. Handrails shall be placed not less than 75 centimeters (2 feet, 6 inches) nor more than 85 centimeters (2 feet, 10 inches) above the nosing of threads, and ends of handrails shall be returned or shall terminate in newel posts or safety terminals: Except, in the following cases: Stairways 1.12 meters (3 feet, 8 inches or less in width and stairway serving one individual dwelling unit in Group A or B Occupancies may have one handrails, except that such stairway open on one or both sides shall have handrails provided on the open side or sides; or stairways having less four than four risers need not have handrails.
Exterior Stairway Protection. All openings in the exterior wall below or within 3.00 meters (10 feet), measured horizontally, of an exterior exit stairway serving a building over two storeys in height shall be protected by a self-closing fire assembly having a three-fourths-hour fire-resistive rating: Except, That openings may be unprotected when two separated exterior stairways serve an exterior exit balcony.
Stairway Construction-Interior. Interior stairways shall be constructed as specified in this Code. Where there is enclosed usable space shall be protected on the enclosed side as required for one-hour fire-resistive construction.
Stairway Construction-Exterior. Exterior stairways shall be of incombustible material: Except, That on Type III buildings which do not exceed two storeys in height, and are located in less fire-resistive Fire Zones, as well as on Type I buildings, these may be of wood not less than 5 centimeters (2 inches) in nominal thickness. Exterior stairs shall be protected as required for exterior walls due to location on property as specified in this Code. Exterior stairways shall not project into an area where openings are required to be protected. Where there is enclosed usable space under stairs the walls and soffits of the enclosed space shall be protected on the enclosed side as required for one-hour fire-resistive construction.
Stairway to Roof . In every building more than two storeys in height, one stairway shall extend to the roof surface, unless the roof has a slope greater than 1 in 3.
Headroom. Every required stairway shall have a headroom clearance of not less than 2.00 meters (6 feet, 8 inches). Such clearance shall be established by measuring vertically from a plane parallel and tangent to the stairway tread nosing to the soft above all points.
Ramps. A ramp conforming to the requirements of this Code may be used as an exit. The width of ramps shall be as required for corridors.
Horizontal Exit. If conforming to the provisions of this Code, a horizontal exit may be required exit. All openings in a separation wall shall be protected by a fire assembly having a fire-resistive rating of not less than one hour. A horizontal exit shall lead into a floor area having capacity for an occupant load not less than the occupant load served by such exit. The capacity shall be determined by allowing 0.28 square meter (3 square feet) of net clear floor area per ambulatory occupant and 1.86 square meters (20 square feet) per non-ambulatory occupant. The dispersal area into which the horizontal exit leads shall be provided with exits as required by this Code.
Exit Enclosures. Every interior stairway, ramp, or escalator shall be enclosed as specified in this Code: Except, That in other than Group D Occupancies, an enclosure will not be required for a stairway, ramp, or escalator serving only one adjacent floor and connected with corridors or stairways serving other floors. Stairs in Group A Occupancies need not be enclosed.
Enclosure walls shall be of not less than two-hour fire-resistive construction elsewhere. There shall be no openings into exit enclosures except exit doorways and openings in exterior walls. All exit doors in an exit enclosure shall appropriately be protected.
Stairway and ramp enclosures shall include landings and parts of floors connecting stairway flights and shall also include a corridor on the ground floor leading from the stairway to the exterior of the building. Enclosed corridors or passageways are not required from unenclosed stairways.
A stairway in an exit enclosure shall not continue below the grade level exit unless an approved barrier is provided at the ground floor level to prevent persons from accidentally continuing into the basement.
There shall be no enclosed usable space under stairways in an exit enclosure, nor shall the open space under such stairways be used for any purpose.
Smokeproof Enclosures. A smoke enclosure shall consist of a continuous stairway enclosed from the highest point top the lowest point by walls of two-hour fire-resistive construction. In buildings five storeys or more in height, one of the required exits shall be smokeproof enclosure.
Stairs in smokeproof enclosures shall be of incombustible construction.
There shall be no openings in smokeproof enclosure, except exit doorways and openings in exterior walls. There shall be no openings directly into the interior of the building. Access shall be through a vestibule with one wall at 50 per cent open to the exterior and having an exit door from the interior of the building and an exit door leading to the smokeproof enclosure. In lieu of a vestibule, access may be by way of an open exterior balcony of incombustible materials.
The opening from the building to the vestibule or balcony shall be protected with a self-closing fire assembly having one-hour fire-resistive rating. The opening from the vestibule or balcony to the stair tower shall be protected a self-closing fire assembly having a one-hour fire-resistive rating.
A smokeproof of enclosure shall exit into a public way or into an exit passageway leading to a public way. The exit passageway shall be without other openings and shall have walls, floors, and ceilings of two-hour exit resistance.
A stairway in a smokeproof enclosure shall not continue below the grade level exit unless an approved barrier is provided at the ground floor level to prevent persons from accidentally continuing into the basement.
Exit Outlets, Courts, and Passageways. Every exit shall discharge into a public way, exit court, or exit passageway. Every exit court shall discharge into a public way or exit passageway. Passageways shall be without openings other than required exits and shall have walls, floors, and ceilings of the building but shall be not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction.
Width. Every exit court and exit passageway shall be at least as wide as the required total width of the tributary exits, such as required width being based on the occupant load served. The required width of exit courts or exit passageways shall be unobstructed except as permitted in corridors. At any point where the width of an exit court is reduced from any cause, the reduction in width shall be affected gradually by a guardrail at least 90 centimeters (3 feet) in height. The guardrail shall make an angle of not more than 30 degrees with the exit court.
Slope. The slope of exit courts shall not exceed 1 in 10. The slope of exit passageways shall not exceed 1 in 8.
Number of Exits. Every exit court shall be provided with exits as required by this Code.
Openings. All openings into an exit court less than 3.00 meters (10 feet) wide shall be protected by fire assemblies having a three-fourths-hour fire resistive rating: Except, That openings more than 3.00 meters (10 feet) above the floor of the exit court may be unprotected.
Exit Signs and Illumination. Exits shall be illuminated at any time the building is occupied with light having an intensity of not less than one-foot candle at floor level: Except, That for Group A Occupancies the exit illumination shall be provided with separate circuits or separated sources of power (but not necessarily separate from exit signs) when these are required for exit sign illumination.
Aisles. Every portion of every building in which are installed seats, tables, merchandise, equipment, or similar materials shall be provided with aisles leading to an exit.
Width. Every aisle shall be not less than 90 centimeters (3 feet) wide if serving only one side, and not less than 1.07 meters (3 feet, 6 inches) wide if serving both sides. Such minimum width shall be measured at the point farthest from an exit, cross aisles, or foyer and shall be increased by 4 centimeters (1 ½ inches) for each 1.50 meters (5 feet) in length toward the exit, cross aisle, or foyer. With continental spacing, side aisle shall be not less than 1.12 meters (3 feet, 8 inches) in width.
Exit Distance. In area occupied by seats and in Group H and I Occupancies without seats, the line of travel to an exit door by an aisle shall not be not more than 46.00 meters (150 feet). With standard spacing, as specified in this Code, aisles shall be so located that there will be not more than six intervening seats between any seat and the nearest aisle. With continental spacing, the number of intervening seats may be increased to 29 where exit doors are provided along each aisle of the row of seats at the rate of one pair of exit doors for five rows of seats. Such exit doors shall provide a minimum clear width of 1.75 meters (5 feet, 6 inches).
Cross Aisle. Aisles shall terminate in a cross aisle, foyer, or exit. The width of the cross aisle shall be not less than the sum of the required width of the widest aisle plus 50 per cent of the total required width of the remaining aisle leading thereto. In Groups C, H, and E Occupancies, aisles shall not be provided a dead end greater than 6.00 meters (20 feet) in length.
Vomitories. Vomitories connecting the foyer or main exit with the cross aisles shall have a total width not less than the sum of the required width of the widest aisles leading thereto plus 50 per cent of the total required width of the remaining aisles leading thereto.
Slope. The slope portion of aisles shall not exceed 1 in 8.
Seats
Seat Spacing. With standard seating the spacing of rows of seats from back-to-back shall be not less than 84 centimeters (2 feet, 9 inches), nor shall less than 69 centimeters (2 feet, 3 inches) plus the sum of the thickness of the back and inclination of the back. Automatic or self-rising seats shall be measured in the seat-up position, other seats shall be measured in the seat-down position. With continental seating, the spacing of rows of unoccupied seats shall provide a clear width measured horizontally, as follows: 45 centimeters (18 inches) clear for rows of 18 seats or less; 51 centimeters (20 inches) clear for rows of 35 seats or less; 51 centimeters (21 inches) clear for rows of 45 seats or less; and 56 centimeters (22 inches) clear for rows of 46 seats or more.
Width. The width of any seat shall not less than 45 centimeters (1 foot, 6 inches).
Special Hazards
Boiler Rooms. Except in Group A Occupancies, every boiler room and every room containing an incinerator or L-P Gas or liquid fuel-fired equipment shall be provided with at least two means of egress, one of which may be a ladder. All interior openings shall be protected as set by internationally recognized and accepted practice for dual purpose fire exit doors.
Cellulose Nitrate Handling. Film laboratories, projection rooms, and nitro-cellulose processing rooms shall have not less than two exits.
Reviewing Stands, Grandstands, and Bleachers
Height of Stands. Stands employing combustible framing shall be limited to 11 rows or 2.70 meter (9 feet) in height.
Design Requirements. The minimum unit live load for reviewing stands, grandstands, and bleachers shall be 488 kilograms per square meter (100 pounds per square foot) of horizontal projection for the structure as a whole. Seat and footboards shall be 178.5 kilograms per linear meter (120 pounds per linear foot). The sway force, applied to seats, shall be 35.7 kilograms per linear meter (24 pounds per linear foot) parallel to the seats and 14.8 kilograms per linear meter (10 pounds per linear foot) perpendicular to the seats. Sway forces need not be applied simultaneously with other lateral forces.
Spacing of Seats
3.1. Row Spacing. The minimum spacing of rows of seats measured from back-to-back shall be: 55 centimeters (22 inches) for seats without backrests in open air standards; 76 centimeters (30 inches) for seats with backrests; and 84 centimeters (33 inches) for chair seating. There shall be a space of not less than 30 centimeters (12 inches) between the back of each seat and front of the seat immediately behind it.
3.2. Rise Between Rows. The maximum rise from one row of seats to the next shall not exceed 40 centimeters (16 inches).
3.3. Seating Capacity. For determining the seating capacity of a stand, the width of any seat shall be not less than 45 centimeters (18 inches) nor more than 48 centimeters (19 inches).
3.4. Number of Seats Between Aisles. The number of seats between any seats and an aisle shall not be greater than 15 for open air stands with seats without backrests; 9 for open air stands with seats having backrest in buildings, and 6 for seats with backrest in building.
Aisles
4.1. Aisles Required. Aisles shall be provided in all stands: Except, That aisles may be omitted when all the following conditions exists: Seats are without backrest; the rise from row to row does not exceed 30 centimeters (12 inches) per row; the number of rows does not exceed 11 in height; the top seating board is not over 3.00 meters (10 feet) above grade; and first seating board is not more than 50 centimeters (20 inches) above grade.
4.2. Obstructions. No obstruction shall be placed in the required width of any aisle or exitway.
4.3. Stairs Required. When an aisle is elevated more than 20 centimeters (8 inches) above grade, the aisle shall be provided with a stairway or ramp whose width is not less than the width of the aisles.
4.4. Dead End. No vertical aisle shall have a dead and more than 16 rows in depth regardless of the number of exits required.
4.5. Width. Aisles shall have a minimum width of 1.07 meters (3 feet, 6 inches).
Stairs and Ramps. The requirements in this Code shall apply to all stairs and ramps except for portions that pass through the seating area.
5.1. Stair Rise and Run. The maximum rise of treads shall not exceed 20 centimeters (8 inches) and the minimum width of the run shall be 28 centimeters (11 inches). The maximum variations in the width of treads in any one flight shall be not more than 5 millimeters (3/16 inch) and the maximum variation in the height of two adjacent rises shall not exceed 5 millimeters (3/16 inch).
5.2. Ramp Slope. The slope of ramp shall be of approved nonslip material.
5.3. Handrails. A ramp with a slope exceeding 1 in 10 shall have handrails. Stairs for stands shall have handrails. Handrails shall conform to the requirements of this Code.
Guardrails
6.1. Guardrails shall be required in all locations where the top of seat plank is more than 1.20 meters (4 feet) above the grade and at the front of stands elevated more than 60 centimeters (2 feet) above grade. Where only sections of stands are used, guardrails shall be provided as required in this Code.
6.2. Railings shall be 1.07 meters (3 feet, 6 inches) above the rear of a seat plank or 1.07 meters (3 feet 6 inches) above the rear of the steps in an aisle when the guardrail is parallel and adjacent to the aisle: Except, That the height may be reduced to 90 centimeters (3 feet) for guardrails located in front of the grandstand.
6.3. A midrail shall be placed adjacent to any seat to limit the open distance above the top of any part of a seat to 3.00 meters (10 feet) where the seat is at the extreme end or at the extreme rear of the bleachers of grandstand. The intervening space shall have one additional rail midway in the opening: Except, That railings may be omitted when stands are placed directly against a wall or fence giving equivalent protection; stairs and ramps shall be provided with guardrails. Handrails at the front of stands and adjacent to an aisle shall be designed at resist a load of 74 kilograms per linear meter (50 pounds per linear foot) applied at the top rail. Other handrails shall be designed at resist a load of 9 kilograms (20 pounds).
Footboards. Footboards shall be provided for all rows of seats above the third row, or beginning at such point where the seating plank is more than 60 centimeters (2 feet) above grade.
Exits
8.1. Distance to Exit. The line of travel to an exit shall be not more than 45.00 meters (150 feet). For stands with seats without backrests this distance may be measured by direct line from a seat to the exit from the stand.
8.2. Aisle Used as Exit. An aisle may be considered as only one exit unless it is continuous at both ends to a legal building exit or to a safe dispersal area.
8.3. Two Exits Required. A stand with the first seating board not more than 50 centimeters (20 inches) above grade of floor may be considered to have two exits when the bottom of the stands is open at both ends. Every stand or section of a stand within a building shall have at least two means of egress when the stand accommodates more than 50 persons. Every open air stand having seats without backrest shall have at least two means of egress when the stand accommodates more than 300 persons.
8.4. Three Exits Required. Three exits shall be required for stands within a building when there are more than 300 occupants within a stands, and for open air stands with seats without backrests where a stand or section of a stand accommodates more than 1000 occupants.
8.5. Four Exits Required. Four exits shall be required when a stand or section of stand accommodates more than 1000 occupants. Except, That for an open air stand with seats without backrest four exits need not be provided unless there are accommodations for more than 3000 occupants.
8.6. Width. The total width of exits in meters shall be not less than the total occupant load served divided by 165 (by 50 in feet): Except, that for open air stands with seats without backrests the total width of exits in meters shall be not less than the total occupant load served divided by 500 (150 in feet) when exiting by stairs, and divided by 650 (by 200 in feet) when exiting by ramps or horizontally. When both horizontal and stair exits are used, the total width of exits shall be determined by using both figures as applicable. No exit shall be less than 1.07 meters (42 inches) in width. Exits shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart. When but two exits are provided, they shall be spaced not less than one-fifth of the perimeter apart.
Securing of Chairs. Chairs and benches used on raised stands shall be secured to the platform upon which they are placed: Except, That when less than 25 chairs are used upon a single raised platform the fastening of seats to the platform may be omitted. When more than 500 loose chairs are used in connection with athletic events, chairs shall be fastened together in groups of not less than three, and shall be tied or staked to the ground.
Safe Dispersal Area. Each safe dispersal area shall have at least two exits. If more than 6000 persons are to be accommodated within such an area, there shall be a minimum of three exits, and for more than 9000 persons there shall be a minimum of four exits. The aggregate clear width of exits from a safe dispersal area shall be determined on the basis of not less than one exit unit 56 centimeters (22 inches) for each 500 persons to be accommodated and no exit shall be less than 1.12 meters (44 inches) in width. Exits shall be a reasonable distance apart but shall be spaced not less than one-fifth of the perimeter of the area apart from each other.